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11:1576. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01576, Xiao, K., Zhai, J., Feng, Y., Zhou, N., Zhang, X., Zou, J. J., et al. A sneeze or a cough can cause droplet sprays, of which the diameter is larger than 5 μm. It is especially crucial to protect wildlife and standardize wildlife management, through which we can build a sound ecological environment and prevent pandemic disease deteriorate. Colors indicate different sampling locations. Evolutionary history, potential intermediate animal host, and cross-species analyses of SARS-CoV-2. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. Similarly, humans are inherently resistant to plant and many animal viruses. [Preprint]. Impact Factor 4.235 | CiteScore 6.4More on impact ›, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), India, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, United States, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, India, Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), United States. Biophys. J. Med. (2020) found viral strains isolated from the infected Malayan pangolins with clinical signs, histological changes and circulating antibodies shared 90.1% identity with SARS-CoV-2, whether the pangolin participates in the transmission of COVID-19 as an intermediate host has become a hotspot of debate. 382, 1653–1659. [Preprint]. doi: 10.1101/2020.07.25.221036. This may increase the difficulty to recognize the infected animals accurately, and alert the family with confirmed patients to keep an appropriate social distance with their pets. Nature doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2334-5 [Epub ahead of print]. However, experiments of SARS-CoV pseudotype entry and cell-cell assays indicated that ferret ACE2 was not used efficiently by SARS-CoV-2 for entry (just 1% of human levels) even if ferret ACE2 can support SARS-CoV-mediated fusion (Conceicao et al., 2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus‐infected pneumonia. The coronavirus is composed of single strand RNA, non-structural proteins (nsp) and structural proteins such as Spike (S) protein, Envelope (E) protein, Membrane (M) glycoprotein, Nucleocapsid (N) protein (Su et al., 2016; Wu J. et al., 2020). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Thus, the pangolin is a highly suspected candidate of the intermediate host. Hedman HD, Krawczyk E, Helmy YA, Zhang L, Varga C. Pathogens. Epub 2020 Sep 16. For 2003 SARS outbreak, it took over 10 years for a group of scientists to find the natural reservoirs of the virus, bats, after trekking to some of the most remote regions across China. Trends Microbiol. doi: 10.1101/2020.01.21.914044, Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Krüger, N., Herrler, T., Erichsen, S., et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. Likelihoods of three tree topologies for each possible quartet (or for a random sample of quartets) are denoted by data points in an equilateral triangle. According to Xinhua Net, the genome sequence of the novel coronavirus strain separated from pangolins was 99 per cent identical to that from the people who are infected. The PRRA insert at the S1/S2 site modulates cellular tropism of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 usage by the closely related Bat raTG13. Coronavirus likely jumped from bats to an 'intermediate host' before infecting humans, WHO says Published Tue, Feb 11 2020 1:13 PM EST Updated … [Preprint]. Functional assays of ACE2 protein using authentic SARS-CoV-2 conducted by Liu Y. H. et al. *Correspondence: Bao-ping Tian, TianBP@zju.edu.cn, Front. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.14.988345, Wang, L., Mitchell, P. K., Calle, P. P., Bartlett, S. L., McAloose, D., Killian, M. L., et al. Tang et al. doi: 10.1101/2020.06.30.175778, Shang, J., Ye, G., Shi, K., Wan, Y., Luo, C., Aihara, H., et al. The difference in key amino acids of RBD between Malayan pangolin-nCoV and SARS-CoV-2 is just one amino acid. Comparing to wild type counterparts, the deletion of PRRA from SARS-CoV-2 indeed reduced fusogenic ability in the presence of ACE2 (Liu S. F. et al., 2020). (2020). These findings demonstrate that all individuals in the same species might present different susceptibility, which makes host identification more difficult. (2020). They also found that the virus can spread between cats through respiratory droplets. (2020). 2021 Feb 7;11(2):129. doi: 10.3390/life11020129. Phylogenetic clustering and sequence alignment performed by Qiu et al. We also identified a unique peptide (PRRA) insertion in the human SARS-CoV-2 virus, which may be involved in the proteolytic cleavage of the spike protein by cellular proteases, and thus could impact host range and transmissibility. Regarding bat-nCoV RaTG13, four positions of five key amino acids are different in the RBD region (Xiao et al., 2020; Zhou P. et al., 2020). With the help of cellular protease such as transmembrane protease serine2 (TMPRSS2), efficient proteolytic processing of S protein at the S1/S2 cleavage site is also important in mediating SARS-CoV-2 entry, after which S2 subunit will allow fusion of viral and cellular membranes (Hoffmann et al., 2020). Besides, genetic and epidemiological sleuthing also showed that at least two farm workers had caught the virus from mink, and stray cats in the surroundings of the farms have been infected as well, indicating the existence of animal-to-human and animal-to-animal transmission (Enserink, 2020). Structure of the zinc-finger antiviral protein in complex with RNA reveals a mechanism for selective targeting of CG-rich viral sequences. 24, 490–502. (2020). The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic since the first report in Wuhan. (2020). B., Wang, Q., Li, J. Y., Zhou, Z. J., Liao, C. H., et al. Resour. Lancet 395, 565–574. Likelihood‐mapping and split network analyses…, Likelihood‐mapping and split network analyses of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2).…, Estimated maximum‐likelihood phylogenies of severe…, Estimated maximum‐likelihood phylogenies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Sci. ACE2 is a key counterregulatory enzyme deattenuating the effects of angiotensin II activity part responsible for organ injury. Copyright © 2020 Zhao, Cui and Tian. Virol. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Bat-nCoV is viewed as the origin of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV (de Wit et al., 2016; Cui et al., 2019).